Dispersion Modeling of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ambient Air of Ahvaz City

Mohammad Javad Mohammadi; Gholamreza Goudarzi; Sahar Geravandi; Ahmad Reza Yari; Bashir Ghalani; Saeed Shirali; Elahe Zallaghi; Mehdi Esmaili

doi:10.17795/jhealthscope-32540

Dispersion Modeling of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ambient Air of Ahvaz City

Mohammad Javad Mohammadi ^{1
, 2
, *} , Gholamreza Goudarzi ^{2
, 3} , Sahar Geravandi ^{4
, 5} , Ahmad Reza Yari ⁶ , Bashir Ghalani ⁷ , Saeed Shirali ⁸ , Elahe Zallaghi ⁹ and Mehdi Esmaili ¹⁰

Authors Information

¹ Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran

² Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Clinical Research Development Center, Razi Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran

³ Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran

⁴ Department of Nursing, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, IR Iran

⁵ Clinical Research Development Center, Razi Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran

⁶ Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IR Iran

⁷ Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IR Iran

⁸ Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran

⁹ Applied Science Training Center, Ahvaz Municipality University, Ahvaz, IR Iran

¹⁰ Water Science Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IR Iran

Article information

Health Scope: May 01, 2016, 5 (2); e32540
Published Online: January 1, 2016
Article Type: Research Article
Received: August 18, 2015
Revised: October 25, 2015
Accepted: November 4, 2015
DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-32540

To Cite: Mohammadi M J, Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Yari A R, Ghalani B, et al. Dispersion Modeling of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ambient Air of Ahvaz City, Health Scope. 2016 ; 5(2):e32540. doi: 10.17795/jhealthscope-32540.

Abstract

Materials and Methods: This analytical study was conducted in 2013 in Ahvaz. Data collections were performed by the Ahvaz Department of Environment. After processing the data received (averaging instruction set, coding), the file was converted to an input file for the software program Screen 3. In the next phase, study of the distribution and release of nitrogen dioxide during the year 2013 was modeled using the Screen 3 software.

Results: Based on the results of this study, the highest and the lowest nitrogen dioxide concentration were in the Bureau of Meteorology and Head office of ADoE stations, respectively. The maximum concentration of NO₂, at a height of 45 m, was 20 μg/m³.According to the findings of the modeling, examination of the combustion process was observed, and this was caused by the amount of nitrogen dioxide emitted by flue outlets, which was affected by temperature and pressure, fuel flow rates and inlet air temperature. Also, results showed that in most cases emission of air pollutants was towards the southwest.

Conclusions: Results of this study showed that the Screen3 software is one of the popular models for estimating the distribution of air pollutants. Nitrogen dioxide emissions are highly regulated in most industrialized regions. Decreased emissions from fuel combustion, the use of scrubbers and filters that absorb pollution can be very useful for reduction and control of nitrogen dioxide emissions.

Copyright © 2016, Health Promotion Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Background

The increasing development of urban areas, increasing energy consumption and rapid growth of the economy are some of the most important factors that threaten health and the environment (1-5). Nowadays, inattention to environmental and air pollution has led to a crisis in the condition of environmental resources (6-11). The major source of air pollutants are from combined cycle processes, in terms of quality and quantity of fuel combustion (12, 13). The emissions from fuel combustion that are the most important are oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur and monoxide and are being discharged to the atmosphere through these sources (14-16).

Perhaps the greatest impact caused by air pollution is the increase in the numbers of morbidity and mortality (17-19). The other effects of air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, are sensitivity of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory tract infections, headache, nausea, allergic reactions, chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and death (20, 21). Several complex factors affect the phenomenon of transfer and dispersion of air pollutants around us. Temporal climate patterns in an area (weather conditions) and the geographic area under study affect how the emissions are transferred and dispersed (22-25). On a cross-local scale, airflow or lack of airflow are two main factors that have an impact on the transition and dispersion process of pollutants (26-28). Ahigher wind speed can affect the concentration of pollutants in urban areas (27, 29). Also, wind can create dilutes of the pollutants and distribute them quickly in the surrounding area (29). Temporary climate patterns affect the general direction and dispersion of pollutants (27, 30).

Distribution of emissions pollutants first depends on the type of pollution source (such as source point or area) and its characteristics. However, after leaving the source, other important factors, such as climate and topography of the area, affect its distribution and direction (31, 32). Modeling of air emissions is used to assess the distribution of pollutants in the environment or for forecasting emissions in different climatic conditions in the region (27, 32). By predicting the distribution and the spread of contamination, the method and rate of impact of production pollutant resources on the receiving environment can also be predicted (27, 33, 34).

Studies of the models of air emissions are done in an attempt to obtain useful information for the future implementation of air pollution control strategies (33, 34). In recent decades, air quality models have been widely used and are formed based on calculations done by computer. These models are used to predict the complicated effects of new pollution sources (2, 4, 33). One of the models for simulation of pollution distribution is Screen3 (35, 36). Screen3 was issued in 1995 by the united states environmental protection agency (EPA) in order to provide a simple method to estimate pollution concentration based on screening (37, 38). This one source, Gaussian model has been designed for easy calculation and detection of the maximum concentration of pollutants on the earth’s surface (35). It can be applied to a point, surface, and volume source and for short-term spreading analysis (39, 40). The Screen3 model can calculate the maximum concentration in any number and any distance the user wants, in high or flat lands and at a distance of up to 100 km (36, 39, 40). This model was developed for the planning and implementing of air pollution control programs. One limitation of the Screen3 model is that it cannot separately calculate maximum multiple effects (35, 39). However, this may be possible using a method where different sources are considered as a united single source, and where the points of interest in the modeling are above the chimney with complex terrain selected in the software.

Cora and Hung, in their study, determined the maximum allowable concentration of toxins emitted from an industrial emission source at ground level (MAGLC) using Screen 3. This study demonstrated that the concentration of toxic emissions to the air is independently related to the industrial emission source (40). In another study, Esmaeilzadeh et al. estimated dispersion by modeling of NO₂ and SO₂ emissions from Tous Gas Power Plant, Mashhad by using the Screen3 software (41). In similar research by Samadi et al. a model was made of the distribution of pollutants from power plants in Isfahan and Tabriz cities (42). In 2009, Karbasi et al. modeled the distribution of nitrogen and sulfur oxides from four power plants using Screen3 (43). A similar work studied the association of emission pollutants in the oil refinery industry with NO₂ and SO₂ emitted in Bandar Abbas City in 2008 by using a Screen3 model (44).

2. Objectives

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Methods

In this study, we used theScreen3software provided by the EPA for simulation of nitrogen dioxide distribution in the ambient air of Ahvaz city. The following schematic plan illustrates the stages of the study and how the components are related. Figure 1 shows the proper process for modeling.

Figure 1. Process of Modeling

In the next step, the required information was collected from the relevant agencies. Sampling and collection of data was performed by the Ahvaz Department of Environment in Bureau of Meteorology station. Raw data processing using Excel software included a set of temperature and pressure correction instructions, averaging, coding and filtering. After assessing the impact of meteorological parameters, data was converted into an input file for the Screen3 model. This model is designed based on the Gaussian model and consists of four screens; three input screens (type, pollutant, area) and one output screen (graph). During the use of the Gaussian model, similar hypotheses and experiences were used due to the lack of information such as composition and rate of gas emissions. Finally, air dispersion models were offered in different atmospheric conditions. The concentration and distribution of air pollutants can be determined using Screen3. In this model, if the climatic conditions of the region are considered, the two parameters of wind speed and atmospheric stability are required. In this study, air pollution modeling was done using the Screen3 class of very unstable (class A), with a wind speed of 2.78 m/s, because the region is tropical and intense exposure to the sun is a predominant weather condition in summer. After determining the input values of Screen3 and modeling air pollution, emission values of each parameter for the weather conditions downstream of the site (in the wind direction) were compared werefree air standards.

3.2. Geographical Features of Ahvaz

Ahvaz, the capital of Khuzestan Province, is located between 48° to 49° 29′ east of Greenwich meridian and between 31′ and 45′ north of the equator (9, 18, 45). The location of the study area and the sampling station at Bureau of Meteorology are displayed in Figure 2. In 2013, the population was approximately one million people, with an area of 8,152 km² (21). Nitrogen dioxide distribution in Ahvaz during the year 2013was estimated by using Screen3. The Screen3 model estimated the distribution of specific air pollutants in the atmosphere in a certain area and for a certain period.

Figure 2. Location of the Study Area and Sampling Station in the Ahvaz City, (Bureau of Meteorology, Old School of Public Health, Head office of ADoE and Downtown)

3.3. Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed by used an Excel software and the Screen3 model.

3.4. Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.

4. Results

The Bureau of Meteorology station had the highest nitrogen dioxide concentrations during 2013. The annual average of nitrogen dioxide concentrations in all the stations are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide (μg/m³) Corresponding to Stations

Stations/Parameter	Downtown	Head Office of ADoE	Bureau of Meteorology	Old School of Public Health
Concentration mean	46	21	58	27

According to the results shown in Figure 3, the maximum rate of pollution was58 μg/m³ at 1,344 m from the source, and after drifting downward to a distance of 2,000 m, was found to be 33.66 μg/m³. Finally, pollution from nitrogen oxides at a distance 25,000 m reached 30.66 μg/m³. Thus, according to environmental standards, in the study area pollution does not exceed the standard at any point.

Figure 3. Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in the Downstream Direction of the Wind, Relative to the Distance of the Bureau of Meteorology Station at Cahiers Meteorological Conditions (Terrain Height = 0.00 m.)

Figure 4 shows that the modeling of the pollutants is in an unstable condition, and after climbing downward, were driven downward, hence, the distribution of pollution was observed in both directions. As observed, the pollutants climbed to a height of 155 m, and at this altitude the level of pollution declined gradually, so that at first 60 μg/m³ was observed, and in the end only 20 μg/m³ was observed. On the other hand, because of unstable climatic conditions the pollutants, after leaving the source of the contamination, fell downward to a height of 45 m and the concentration decreased to 20 μg/m³. However, in general, the level of pollution was spread up to a distance of 230 m. According to the table for standard clean air, pollutant concentration was in excess of the limit at a distance of 230 m from the source of contamination.

Figure 4. Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in the Downstream Direction of the Wind, Relative to the Distance of the Bureau of Meteorology Station at Very Unstable Meteorological Conditions With a Wind Speed of 2.78 m/s.

5. Discussion

In recent decades, air pollution has been considered a serious threat to the environment, the quality of life and the health of people around the world. In this study, we assessed the distribution of nitrogen dioxide by using a Screen3 model in Ahvaz, Iran. Based on the results of this study, the maximum rate of nitrogen dioxide concentration was 58 μg/m³. Ahvaz has been well known due to its industries, such as petroleum and steel, as well as its power stations. Results showed that in the last decade, an anthropogenic source of air pollution has joined other environmental problems. This can result from pollutants produced in the combustion process, which occurs mostly in transportation, power station, heating plant and industrial processes. The major sources of nitrogen dioxide that can increase the risk of danger result from anthropogenic sources of air pollution such as road traffic, stationary combustion and industrial processes. This can be seen in studies conducted in cities with a wide range of basic conditions, such as population, climate, chimneys of houses, economic and social conditions and concentration of polluters.

Based on the results of our study, the NO₂ concentration measure revealed that the concentration of these pollutants is lower than the standards of the Clean Air Act. In another case, a simulation was made of the spread of sulfur dioxide gas from the chimney of Shahid Rajai Thermal Power Plant in winter using Screen3 (46). The results indicated that in any atmospheric condition the concentration of pollutants did not exceed the standard level (46). Huertas et al. conducted an assessment of air quality impact on multiple open pit coal mines in northern Colombia by using Screen3. Based on the results from the model, areas within the modeling region were identified as highly, fairly, moderately and marginally polluted, according to local regulations (47). Based on the results of a study by Visscher, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide emission to the air is independently related to the emission source. Their study showed that Screen3 is a good model for forecasting the distribution of nitrogen dioxide (48). Momeni et al. modeled the spread of air pollution using Screen3 and meteorological information. The results of measuring air pollutants using measurement stations indicated that the amount of NO₂, in most cases, had a lower level than the standards (49).

The results of this study showed that a very high concentration of NO₂ in Ahvaz could be the result of a high number of industrial polluters. In 2010, Esmaeilzadeh et al. estimated the dispersion of NO₂ and SO₂ emissions from the Tous Gas Power Plant, Mashhad. The results of their study showed that the maximum concentration of NO₂ and SO₂, at a distance of about 30 km from the power plant, was 1.08 and 3.69 µg/L, respectively. The results of dispersion modeling of pollutants indicated that in most cases emission of air pollutants was towards the southeast (41). According to the results of this study, a higher concentration of NO₂ and metrological conditions in the ambient air of Ahvaz city were the most likely reasons for a higher than the standard level. Karbasi et al. have modeled the distribution of nitrogen and sulfur oxides from four power plants using Screen3 (43). They have been, to a large extent, responsible for the perception that air quality is significantly affected by geothermal activities. The results of the study showed that NO₂ distribution was more than the standard level (43).

NO₂ distribution in this study was associated with metrological conditions in Ahvaz. In a similar study by Samadi et al. a modeling was made of the distribution of pollutants from power plants in Isfahan and Tabriz cities. The results of this study indicated that the average concentration of pollutants was lower than the standard level in the study area (42). Based on the results of the present study, modeling of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air of Ahvaz city was higher than the standard level because of the higher concentration of air pollution in Ahvaz city. Cora and Hung, in their study, determined the maximum allowable concentration of toxins emitted from an industrial emission source at ground level (MAGLC) using Screen3. This study demonstrated that concentration of toxic emission to the air is independently related to the industrial emission source (40).

5.1. Conclusion

The results this study showed that theScreen3software is one of the most effective models for estimated distribution of air pollutants. The results also showed that a higher concentration of air pollutants and the metrological conditions in Ahvaz city were most likely the reasons for the higher than standard levels. Nitrogen dioxide emissions are highly regulated in most industrialized regions. Dependent on the kind of fuel and power in the power plant of study, the distribution of pollutants is different for each megawatt of electricity generated. Based on the results of this study, the maximum rate of nitrogen dioxide concentrations was 58 μg/m³.The power plants mainly use fossil fuels, coal, coke, gas oil and natural gas. Regarding economic criteria, selection of the proper fuel type is very important in power plants. Therefore, to decrease emissions from fuel combustion, urgent actions have to be taken, such as pollution prevention The selection of fuel type, limiting emissions of pollutants from various sources such as modes of transport, solving availability and access problems, decreasing environmental pollution rates, reducing energy consumption, geographical location and careful monitoring of air pollution are necessary to reduce nitrogen dioxide concentrations.

Acknowledgements

Footnotes

Authors Contribution: Study concept, design and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Sahar Geravandi, Ahmad Reza Yari, Bashir Ghalani, Saeed Shirali, Elahe Zallaghi, Mehdi Esmaili; drafting of the manuscript and advisor, and performing experiments: Mohammad Javad Mohammadi.

Funding/Support: This work was financially supported by grant: (93s109) from the Vice-Chancellor for Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

References

1. Huertas JI, Huertas ME, Solis DA. Characterization of airborne particles in an open pit mining region. Sci Total Environ. 2012; 423: 39-46[DOI][PubMed]
2. Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Taghavirad SS, Salmanzadeh S. Sulfur and Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure and the Incidence of Health Endpoints in Ahvaz, Iran. Health Scope. 2015; 4(2)[DOI]
3. Taghavirad SS, Davar H, Mohammadi MJ. The a study on concentration of BETX vapors during winter in the department of ports and shipping located in one of the southern cities of Iran. Inte J Cur Life Sci. 2014; 4(9): 5416-20
4. Zallaghi E, Goudarzi G, Haddad MN, Moosavian SM, Mohammadi MJ. Assessing theEffects of Nitrogen Dioxide in Urban Air on Health of West and Southwest Cities of Iran. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2014; 6(4)
5. Zallaghi E, Geravandi S, Haddad MN, Goudarzi G, Valipour L, Salmanzadeh S, et al. Estimation of Health Effects Attributed to Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure Using the AirQ Model in Tabriz City, Iran. Health Scope. 2015; 4(4)
6. Goyal P. Present scenario of air quality in Delhi: a case study of CNG implementation. Atmospher Environ. 2003; 37(38): 5423-31[DOI]
7. Bnanankhah A, Nejadkoorki F. Artificial Neural Networks: A Non-Linear Tool for Air Quality Modeling and Monitoring. 2012;
8. Kisi Ö. River flow modeling using artificial neural networks. J Hydrol Engin. 2004; 9(1): 60-3
9. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Mohammadi MJ, Salmanzadeh S, Vosoughi M, Sahebalzamani M. The relationship between air pollution exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ahvaz, Iran. Chronic Dis J. 2015; 3(1)
10. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Saeidimehr S, Mohammadi MJ, Vosoughi Niri M, Salmanzadeh S, et al. Estimation of health effects for PM10 exposure using of Air Q model in Ahvaz City during 2009. Iran J Health Environ. 2015; 8(1): 117-26
11. Lin CM, Li CY, Yang GY, Mao IF. Association between maternal exposure to elevated ambient sulfur dioxide during pregnancy and term low birth weight. Environ Res. 2004; 96(1): 41-50[DOI][PubMed]
12. Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Vosoughi M, javad Mohammadi M, Salmanzadeh S, Zallaghi E. Relationship between Particulate matter less than 10 microns exposures and health effects on humans in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Hygiene Sci. 2015; 4(2)
13. Geravandi S, Mohammadi MJ, Goudarzi G, Ahmadi Angali K, Neisi AK, Zalaghi E. Health effects of exposure to particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10) in Ahvaz. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2014; 18(5): 45-53
14. Geravandi S, Neisi AK, Goudarzi G, Vousoghi Niri M, Mohammadi MJ. Estimation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Deaths Related to Ozone Exposure in Ahvaz, During 2011. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015; 13(11): 1073-82
15. Geravandi S, Takdastan A, Zallaghi E, Vousoghi Niri M, Mohammadi MJ, saki H, et al. Noise Pollution and Health Effects. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2015; 7(1)[DOI]
16. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Mohammadi MJ, Saeidimehr S, Ghomaishi A, Salmanzadeh S. Health endpoints caused by PM10 exposure in Ahvaz, Iran. Iran J Health Safety Environ. 2014; 1(4): 159-65
17. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Salmanzadeh S, javad Mohammadi M, Zallaghi E. The number of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death cases associated with sulfur dioxide exposure in ahvaz, iran. Arch Hygiene Sci. 2014; 3(3)
18. Goudarzi GR, Geravandi S, Salmanzadeh S, Mohammadi MJ. An estimation of respiratory deaths and COPD related to SO2 pollutant in Tabriz, northwest of Iran (2011). Razi J Med Sci. 2015; 22(131): 44-50
19. Zallaghi E, Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Mohammadi MJ. Epidemiological Indexes Attributed to Particulates With Less Than 10 Micrometers in the Air of Ahvaz City During 2010 to 2013. Health Scope. 2014; 3(4)[DOI]
20. Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Babaei AA, Takdastan A, Mohammadi MJ, Vosoughi Niri M, et al. Health Endpoint Attributed to Sulfur Dioxide Air Pollutants. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2015; 7(3)[DOI]
21. Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Foruozandeh H, Babaei AA, Alavi N, Niri MV, et al. Cardiovascular and respiratory mortality attributed to ground-level ozone in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2015; 187(8): 487[DOI][PubMed]
22. Shao Y. Physics and modelling of wind erosion. 2008;
23. Shao Y, Jung E, Leslie L. Numerical prediction of northeast Asian dust storms using an integrated wind erosion modeling system. J Geophys Res. 2002; 107
24. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. 2012;
25. Culver TB, Hallisey SP, Sahoo D, Deitsch JJ, Smith JA. Modeling the desorption of organic contaminants from long-term contaminated soil using distributed mass transfer rates. Environ Sci Technol. 1997; 31(6): 1581-8
26. Chan AT, So ESP, Samad SC. Strategic guidelines for street canyon geometry to achieve sustainable street air quality. Atmospher Environ. 2001; 35(24): 4089-98[DOI]
27. Kwak K, Baik J. A CFD modeling study of the impacts of NOx and VOC emissions on reactive pollutant dispersion in and above a street canyon. Atmospher Environ. 2012; 46: 71-80[DOI]
28. Fernando HJS, Lee SM, Anderson J, Princevac M, Pardyjak E, Grossman-Clarke S. Environmen Fluid Mechanics. 2001; 1(1): 107-64[DOI]
29. Beckett KP, Freer-Smith PH, Taylor G. Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and windspeed. Glob Change Biol. 2000; 6(8): 995-1003[DOI]
30. From local-scale to micro-scale assessment of the atmospheric impact of the pollutant plume emitted from a power-plant stack. Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes
31. Streets DG, Waldhoff ST. Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China. Atmospher Environ. 2000; 34(3): 363-74[DOI]
32. Granier C, Bessagnet B, Bond T, D’Angiola A, Denier van der Gon H, Frost GJ, et al. Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Climatic Change. 2011; 109(1-2): 163-90[DOI]
33. Karppinen A, Kukkonen J, Elolähde T, Konttinen M, Koskentalo T, Rantakrans E. A modelling system for predicting urban air pollution: model description and applications in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Atmospher Environ. 2000; 34(22): 3723-33[DOI]
34. Shir CC, Shieh LJ. A Generalized Urban Air Pollution Model and Its Application to the Study of SO2Distributions in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. J Appl Meteorol. 1974; 13(2): 185-204[DOI]
35. Mehdizadeh F, Rifai HS. Modeling point source plumes at high altitudes using a modified Gaussian model. Atmospher Environ. 2004; 38(6): 821-31[DOI]
36. Holmes NS, Morawska L. A review of dispersion modelling and its application to the dispersion of particles: An overview of different dispersion models available. Atmospher Environ. 2006; 40(30): 5902-28[DOI]
37. Amekudzi AA, Jotin Khisty C, Khayesi M. Using the sustainability footprint model to assess development impacts of transportation systems. Transport Res Policy Pract. 2009; 43(4): 339-48[DOI]
38. El-Harbawi M. Air quality modelling, simulation, and computational methods: a review. Environ Rev. 2013; 21(3): 149-79[DOI]
39. Taha MPM, Drew GH, Longhurst PJ, Smith R, Pollard SJT. Bioaerosol releases from compost facilities: Evaluating passive and active source terms at a green waste facility for improved risk assessments. Atmospher Environ. 2006; 40(6): 1159-69[DOI]
40. Cora MG, Hung YT, Pagan-Rodriguez D. Air dispersion modeling: Using SCREEN3 to determine the MAGLC of air toxics. Environ Qual Manag. 2003; 12(4): 67-79[DOI]
41. Esmaeilzadeh M, Bazrafshan E, Nasrabadi M. Dispersion Modeling of NOx and SO2 Emissions from Tous Gas Power Plant, Mashhad. Iran J Health Environ. 2013; 6(1): 77-90
42. Modeling of air pollutants emission in power plants of Isfahan and Tabriz. Proceeding of Third National Conference of Energy in Iran
43. Karbasi AAF, EslamiAlishah N. Survey the rate of emission of NOx and SOx of 4 power plants in Iran. Sci Technol Environ J. 2009; 10(2): 23-33
44. Air pollution modeling for petrochemical industries in coastal areas. Masters Abstracts International
45. Mohammadi MJ, Geravandi S, Vosoughi M, Salmanzadeh S, Goudarzi G. An Association between air quality and COPD in Ahvaz, Iran. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2015; 4(1)[DOI]
46. M S. Simulation of sulfur dioxide emission from stack of Shahid Rajaeei power plant of Ghazvin in winter season. Iran Energy J. 2005; 9(23): 34-43
47. Huertas JI, Huertas ME, Izquierdo S, Gonzalez ED. Air quality impact assessment of multiple open pit coal mines in northern Colombia. J Environ Manage. 2012; 93(1): 121-9[DOI][PubMed]
48. Visscher AD. Air dispersion modeling: foundations and applications. 2013; [DOI]
49. Momeni ShJA, Sekhavatjo M. Modeling of air pollution (Case study: Lavan Island). Sixteenth National Conference on Environmental Health. 2013;